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Forest Health in New Jersey
New Jersey Forest Service surveys New Jersey's forests both from the ground and the air for various insects and diseases. While hundreds of insects and diseases damage our forests, foresters suppress only those that spread quickly and will not weaken on their own. Often the worst pests and diseases are non-native and introduced to our forests accidentally. Without their native predators, these pests will thrive and spread.

 

Spotted Lanternfly
(Lycorma deliculata)


Southern Pine BeetleDetails
Leaf hopper insects that feed on the phloem of young stems and excrete large quantities of honeydew onto plants. Honeydew facilitates the growth of sooty mold that further weakens plants.

Susceptible Species
Prefers the invasive “Tree of Heaven,” but makes use of over 70 different plant species including fruit trees, ornamental trees, woody trees, vegetables, herbs, vines, and agricultural crops

Signs of Infestation
Weeping wounds on trees, sooty mold, heightened activity from wasps, hornets, ants, and bees

Affected Areas
Atlantic, Cumberland, Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Ocean, Sussex, Union, Warren, Mercer, Hunterdon, Somerset, Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, and Salem Counties

More information Spotted Lanternfly

spb

Beech Leaf Disease


Details
The cause of beech leaf disease is unknown, but a foliar nematode has been found to be associated with BLD.  BLD causes defoliation, dieback, and eventual mortality in affected trees.  It has been spreading rapidly since its initial detection in Northeast Ohio in 2012.

Susceptible Species
American, European, and Oriental Beech

Signs of Infestation
Dark banding on the leaves with curled edges, visible on green and brown leaves.

Affected Areas
Not yet detected in New Jersey, but currently found in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario.

More information

Pest Alert Beech Leak Disease PDF(658 kb)

https://www.dontmovefirewood.org/pest_pathogen/beech-leaf-disease/

http://www.lakemetroparks.com/along-the-trail/august-2018/beech-leaf-disease

 

Southern Pine Beetle
(Dendroctonus frontalis)


Southern Pine BeetleSouthern Pine BeetleDetails
This forest pest causes significant damage across its range. It is one of the only bark beetles that can attack healthy trees, and adult beetles cut off water and nutrient supplies to trees by boring through the bark and creating S-shaped galleries in which they lay their eggs.

Susceptible Species
SPB attacks all species of pine including pitch, shortleaf, Virginia, white, loblolly, and red.

Signs of Infestation
Pitch tubes, exit holes, fading crown, S-shaped galleries under bark

Affected Areas
Pine forests in southern New Jersey

More information Southern pine beetle from State Forestry Services

Gypsy Moth
(Lymantria dispar)
Gypsy Moth


Details
Larvae feed on leaves from May to June. Several successive years of defoliation can result in tree mortality. The high gypsy moth population in New Jersey can be attributed to reduced activity of the fungal parasite Entomophaga maimaiga, due to lack of precipitation.

Susceptible Species
Prefers oaks and but also attacks many deciduous trees and shrubs

Signs of Infestation
Defoliation, oval egg masses, caterpillars

Affected Areas
Statewide

More information Gypsy moth from the US Forest Service

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
(Adelges tsugae) Hemlock Woolly Adelgid


Details
Nymphs and adults feed on sap from the tree's twigs. This insect has infested all 26,000 acres of Hemlock stands to some degree in New Jersey. Some hemlock stands have been destroyed, while others have only low HWA infestations.

Susceptible Species
Eastern hemlock

Signs of Infestation
Egg masses, dying limbs

Affected Areas
Statewide

More information Hemlock woolly adelgid from the US Forest Service

Eastern Pine Looper
(Lambdina pellucidaria)Pine looper


Details
After overwintering in the soil beneath the host tree, moths emerge in May and June to lay eggs on the tree's needles. By mid-summer, the larvae hatch and eat notches out of the needles.

Susceptible Species
Pine species

Signs of Infestation
Brown needles, defoliation

Affected Areas
Ocean and Eastern Burlington Counties

Emerald Ash Borer
(Agrilus planipennis)


Emerald Ash Borerd-shaped EAB holeDetails
The invasive destructive insect, Emerald Ash Borer, has been found in New Jersey and nearby states such as Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania. Adult beetles lay eggs in bark crevices, and larvae then burrow under the bark and feed on the cambium, cutting off water and nutrient transport within the tree

Susceptible Species
White ash, green ash

Signs of Infestation
D-shaped exit holes, woodpeckers

Affected Areas
Statewide

More information More information Emerald ash borer from emeraldashborer.nj.gov

Asian Longhorned Beetle
(Anoplophora glabripennis) ALB


Details
Female beetles chew holes in the bark where they deposit eggs. After hatching, larvae bore into the tree and begin eating right below the bark, disrupting nutrient and water flow through the tree. They then continue deep into the tree where they eat the heartwood.

Susceptible Species
maples, willows, poplars, ash, horse chestnuts, elm, and buckeye trees

Signs of Infestation
3/4" to 1 1/4" adults, 3/8" exit holes, oozing sap, sawdust

Affected Areas
Union and Middlesex Counties

More information Asian longhorned beetle from the US Forest Service

Sudden Oak Death
(Phytophthora ramorum)
Sudden Oak Death


Details
Plant pathogen found in CA, OR, WA, FL, GA

Susceptible Species
75 Species including many oaks

Signs of Infestation
Brown leaves, large bleeding cankers

Affected Areas
Not yet found in NJ

Bacterial Leaf Scorch
(Xylella fastidiosa)
Bacterial Leaf Scorch


Details
The bacterium is transmitted to healthy trees by feeding leafhopper and spittlebug insects moving from diseased herbaceous plants, such as goldenrod, blackberries, and clover, to healthy trees. This disease continues to be a serious health threat to urban shade trees in NJ.

Susceptible Species
Red, pin, and scarlet oaks, sycamore, elm.

Signs of Infestation
Brown discoloration along leaf margins.

Affected Areas
South-western New Jersey

Beech Bark Disease
(Nectria coccinea)


Beech bark diseaseBeech bark diseaseDetails
Non-native scale insects infest and wound trees, allowing the fungus to enter

Susceptible Species
American Beech, European Beech

Signs of Infestation
Sparse foliage, woolly scales, ooze on trunk, small red fungal fruiting bodies

Affected Areas
Northern New Jersey

More information Beech bark disease from the US Forest Service

Oak Wilt
(Ceratocystis fagacearum)


Beech bark diseaseBeech bark diseaseDetails
Red oaks are seriously threatened by this disease and die within weeks, whereas White oaks are the lesser susceptible species and can take 1 or more years to die

Susceptible Species
Oak Wilt affects both Red and White oak species

Signs of Infestation
Fungal mats, bark cracking, leaf discoloration

Affected Areas
Not detected in NJ currently

More information Oak Wilt from State Forestry Services

Scarlet Oak Sawfly
(Caliroa quercuscoccineae)
sawfly


Details
Larvae feed on the bottom of oak leaves, leaving only a leaf skeleton of veins behind. Repeated defoliations may affect vigor or kill the tree.

Susceptible Species
Red and white oaks

Signs of Infestation
Skeletonized or transparent leaves, defoliation starting in upper crown, larvae feeding on leaves

Affected Areas
Northern New Jersey

More information Scarlet oak sawfly Pest Alert

Thousand Cankers Diseasethousand cankers disease


Details
The disease-causing fungus (Geosmithia morbida) is transmitted into the phloem of the tree by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) as it constructs its galleries. Cankers develop around the galleries as a result of the fungus and can enlarge to girdle the branch or stem.

Susceptible Species
Black walnut

Signs of Infestation
Branch dieback, many small cankers on branches and bole, tiny bark beetles, circular or oblong cankers under bark, tiny entrance and exit holes

Affected Areas
Not found in NJ yet

 

 

 

 

 

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Last Updated: September 11, 2021